Roulette Pointers

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Roulette is a casino game named after the French word meaning little wheel.In the game, players may choose to place bets on either a single number, various groupings of numbers, the colors red or black, whether the number is odd or even, or if the numbers are high (19–36) or low (1–18). Online Playing hideout Things to do Get Roulette, Patches Not to mention Roulette your domain name In the Greatest Tilt Almost every online betting house contains most almost greet profit to guide make sure to sway one to indication most suitable way up and use their site pretty than most of the competitors. Pointers to Win at Roulette: European wheel is the better choice for playing roulette because it has a higher probability to win at roulette of 2.7% than the 5.26% of the American wheel. Then take a look at the Surrender rule that allows you to get the half of your bet on the even number bets (high/low, red/black, odd/even) when the ball lands.

A Brief History

The 17^th century French physicist and mathematician, Blaise Pascal, is known for many important contributions to both fields, which is particularly impressive considering the fact that he died at the really quite young age of 39. Among his proudest achievements were inventing the early mechanical calculator, creating the mathematical theory now known as Pascal’s triangle, and major studies and research into fluids, with one particularly important experiment into hydraulics remembered today as Pascal’s barrel. But there was one other exceptional contribution he made to society as a whole, and one that he bizarrely isn’t remembered nearly as much for.

Digging Deeper

In his ambition to create a perpetual motion machine — or in other words a machine that would not stop moving once it had begun, even without an energy source — Pascal accidentally invented what we would now call a roulette wheel. Of course, this “roulette wheel” was an early version and did not have the numbers, but the principal was set and ready for innovators to come along to find a way to gamble on it.

Painting of Blaise Pascal made by François II Quesnel for Gérard Edelinck in 1691

Now, you can have a spin whenever and wherever you want, and it has the same feel to it as if it were real life. For example, online roulette on Casino Cruise has a number of different options, from Immersive Roulette, which has a lifelike feel, to American Roulette, which is more obviously a virtual experience. In his pursuit of a perpetual motion machine, Pascal surely did not picture people using his invention as the basis for a game that they could play from their beds.

Admittedly the ability to gamble on the wheel came a bit later than Pascal’s invention, when the wheel was crossed with another French game called Biribi, which was a gambling game that relied on a similar idea to roulette but was not dynamic in that way that modern roulette is. The modern form of roulette has been played since the end of the 18^th century and, perhaps in part because of the fact that he invented the rudimentary machine used for the game, rather than the game itself, Blaise is rarely spoken about in connection to the game.

Of course, this is all because roulette has taken on a different face since the end of the 18^th century. For starters, gambling in casinos with roulette wheels has become cheaper and less snobby throughout the years, and so is enjoyed by far more people. Back in the 1800s, when you wanted to try your luck on the roulette wheel, it would require certainly leaving the house, but probably also dressing up in your smartest suit, having a shave and getting a taxi. But, much more importantly, the rise of online casinos has changed the face of gambling forever.

Any fan of roulette should know the name of Blaise Pascal, but unfortunately, that is not the case. Sure, it is partly to do with the fact that he made so many other great contributions in his field, but this is the one that many people have profited — both literally and figuratively — from in the most identifiable and understandable way. So next time you win, spare a thought for Pascal, without whom it would not be possible.

An illustration of the (apocryphal) Pascal’s barrel experiment

Question for students: What do you think is Pascal’s greatest accomplishment?

Bonus joke:

– What did the 🐘 say to the 🐆 at the roulette table?
– I’m glad you’re not a cheetah 😆#jokes#poker#roulette#casino#gamblingpic.twitter.com/2HbMS1dAQe

— Dora Stevenson (@dorastevensonne) via Twitter, October 24, 2018

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Historical Evidence

For more information, please see…

Pascal, Blaise. Histoire de la roulette (Nouvelle édition augmentée). Arvensa Editions, 2015.

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The featured image in this article, a photograph by German civil engineer and photographer Ralf Roletschek of a roulette ball, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. You are free:

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Evolutionary algorithm
Part of a series on the
Genetic algorithm
Genetic programming

Selection is the stage of a genetic algorithm in which individual genomes are chosen from a population for later breeding (using the crossover operator).

A generic selection procedure may be implemented as follows:

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The fitness function is evaluated for each individual, providing fitness values, which are then normalized. Normalization means dividing the fitness value of each individual by the sum of all fitness values, so that the sum of all resulting fitness values equals 1.
Accumulated normalized fitness values are computed: the accumulated fitness value of an individual is the sum of its own fitness value plus the fitness values of all the previous individuals; the accumulated fitness of the last individual should be 1, otherwise something went wrong in the normalization step.
A random number R between 0 and 1 is chosen.
The selected individual is the first one whose accumulated normalized value is greater than or equal to R.

For many problems the above algorithm might be computationally demanding. A simpler and faster alternative uses the so-called stochastic acceptance.

If this procedure is repeated until there are enough selected individuals, this selection method is called fitness proportionate selection or roulette-wheel selection. If instead of a single pointer spun multiple times, there are multiple, equally spaced pointers on a wheel that is spun once, it is called stochastic universal sampling.Repeatedly selecting the best individual of a randomly chosen subset is tournament selection. Taking the best half, third or another proportion of the individuals is truncation selection.

There are other selection algorithms that do not consider all individuals for selection, but only those with a fitness value that is higher than a given (arbitrary) constant. Other algorithms select from a restricted pool where only a certain percentage of the individuals are allowed, based on fitness value.

Retaining the best individuals in a generation unchanged in the next generation, is called elitism or elitist selection. It is a successful (slight) variant of the general process of constructing a new population.

Methods of Selection (Genetic Algorithm)[edit]

Roulette Wheel Selection[edit]

In the roulette wheel selection, the probability of choosing an individual for breeding of the next generation is proportional to its fitness, the better the fitness is, the higher chance for that individual to be chosen.Choosing individuals can be depicted as spinning a roulette that has as many pockets as there are individuals in the current generation, with sizes depending on their probability.Probability of choosing individual ${displaystyle i}$ is equal to ${displaystyle p_{i}={frac {f_{i}}{Sigma _{j=1}^{N}f_{j}}}}$ , where ${displaystyle f_{i}}$ is the fitness of ${displaystyle i}$ and ${displaystyle N}$ is the size of current generation (note that in this method one individual can be drawn multiple times)If we're working on minimization problem, it is however needed to transform it into maximization problem (which can be easily done by taking the inversion of our fitness).

Rank Selection[edit]

Rank Selection also works with negative fitness values and is mostly used when the individuals in the population have very close fitness values (this happens usually at the end of the run). This leads to each individual having an almost equal share of the pie (like in case of fitness proportionate selection) and hence each individual no matter how fit relative to each other has an approximately same probability of getting selected as a parent. This in turn leads to a loss in the selection pressure towards fitter individuals, making the GA to make poor parent selections in such situations.

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Steady State Selection[edit]

This is not particular method of selecting parents. Main idea of this selection is that big part of chromosomes should survive to next generation.

Tournament Selection[edit]

Tournament Selection is a method of choosing the individual from the set of individuals. The winner of each tournament is selected to perform crossover.

Elitism Selection[edit]

Often to get better parameters, strategies with partial reproduction are used. One of them is elitism, in which a small portion of the best individuals from the last generation is carried over (without any changes) to the next one.